References: Diethylstilbestrol (DES) Literature Referencing Gender Identity, Transsexualism, or Disturbances in Sexual Differentiation in Exposed Males
July 2004 Update
by Scott Kerlin, Ph.D., DES Sons International Network
1950s
Kaplan, N.M. (1959) Male pseudohermaphrodism: Report of a case, with observations on pathogenesis. New England Journal of Medicine 261: 641.
1970s
Yalom, I.D., R. Green, and N. Fisk. (1973). Prenatal exposure to female hormones: Effect on psychosexual development in boys. Archives of General Psychiatry (April) 28: 554.
Ober, W.B. (1976). Stilbestrol: A pathologist’s view. Pathology Annual 11: 227.
Seyler, L.E., E. Canalis, S. Spare, and S. Reichlin (1978). Abnormal gonadotropin secretory responses to LRH in transsexual women after diethylstilbestrol priming. Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism 47: 176.
Green, R. (1978). Sex-dimorphic behaviour development in the human: Prenatal hormone administration and postnatal socialization. Ciba Foundation Symposium (March 14) 62: 59.
Meyer-Bahlburg, H.F.L. (1978). Behavioral effects of estrogen treatment in human males. Pediatrics (December) 62 (6): 1171.
1980s
Kester, P., R. Green, S. Finch, and K. Williams, (1980). Prenatal ‘female hormone’ administration and psychosexual development in human males. Psychoneuroendocrinology, 5, 269-285.
Ehrhardt, A., and H.F.L. Meyer-Bahlburg. (1981). Effects of prenatal sex hormones on gender-related behavior. Science (March 20) 211: 1312.
Hines, M. (1982). Prenatal gonadal hormones and sex differences in human behaviour. Psychological Bulletin, 92, 56-80.
Vessey, M.P., D.V. Fairweather, B. Norman-Smith, and J. Buckley. (1983). A randomized double-blind controlled trial of the value of stilboestrol therapy in pregnancy: long-term follow-up of mothers and their offspring. British Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology 90(11): 1007.
Reinisch, J.M., and S. Sanders (1984). Prenatal gonadal steroidal influences on gender-related behavior. Progress in Brain Research 61: 407.
Kwan, M., J. Vanmaasdam, and J.M. Davidson. (1985). Effects of estrogen treatment on male-to-female transsexuals: Experimental and clinical observations. Archives of Sexual Behavior (February) 14 (1):29.
McEwen, B.S. (1987). Steroid hormones and brain development: Some guidelines for understanding actions of pseudohormones and other toxic agents. Environmental Health Perspectives (October) 74: 177.
Gill, W.B. (1988). Effects on human males of in-utero exposure to exogenous sex hormones. In T. Mori and H.Nagasawa (eds.), Toxicity of Hormones in Perinatal Life (Boca Raton: CRC Press), 161.
1990s
Reinisch, J. M., M. Ziemba-Davis, and S.A. Sanders (1991). Hormonal contributions to sexually dimorphic behavioral development in humans. Psychoneuroendocrinology 16: 213.
Abstract: http://highwire.stanford.edu/cgi/medline/pmid;1961841
Collaer, M.L., and M. Hines (1995). Human behavioral sex differences: A role for gonadal hormones during early development? Psychological Bulletin 118: 55.
Bem, D.J. (1996). Exotic becomes erotic: A developmental theory of sexual orientation. Psychological Review 103: 320.
Dictionary of Organic Compounds, 6th Edition (1996). Buckingham, J., and F. Macdonald. (eds.): Diethylstilbestrol entry (Volume 3, 2175).
Dessens, A.B., Cohen-Kettenis, P., Mellenbergh, G.J., v.d. Poll, N., Koppe, J.G., and Boer, K. (1999). Prenatal exposure to anticonvulsants and psychosexual development. Archives of Sexual Behavior 28: 31.
Wilson, J.D. (1999). The role of androgens in male gender role behavior. Endocrine Reviews 20: 726.
2000s
Berkson, D.L. (2000). Hormone Deception. New York: Contemporary Books.
Verdoux, H. (2000). Does prenatal exposure to diethylstilbestrol (DES) have psychiatric consequences? Annales Medico-Psychologiques 158: 105.
Sultan, C., P. Balaguer, B. Terouanne, V. Georget, F. Paris, C. Jeandel, S. Lumbroso, and J. Nicolas. (2001). Environmental xenoestrogens, antiandrogens and disorders of male sexual differentiation. Molecular and Cellular Endocrinology 178: 99.
Abstract: http://highwire.stanford.edu/cgi/medline/pmid;11403899
Alexander, G., and B.S. Peterson (2001). Sex steroids and human behavior: Implications for developmental psychopathology. CNS Spectrums 6: 75.
Sharpe, R.M. (2001). Hormones and testis development and the possible adverse effects of environmental chemicals. Toxicology Letters 120: 221.
National Toxicology Program, National Institutes of Health. (2001). NTP Chemical Repository: Diethylstilbestrol. (last accessed 2003 on NTP website, http://ntp-server.niehs.nih.gov)
Friedman, R.C., and Downey, J.I. (2002). Sexual orientation and psychoanalysis: Sexual science and clinical practice. New York: Columbia University Press.
Swaab, D.F., W.C. Chun, F.P. Kruijver, M.A. Hofman, and T.A. Ishunina. (2002). Sexual differentiation of the human hypothalamus. Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology511: 75.
Kerlin, S., and D. Beyer. (2003). The DES Sons’ online discussion network. Transgender Tapestry #100.
Udry, R. (2003). Putting prenatal effects of sex-dimorphic behavior in perspective: An absolutely complete theory. Epidemiology 14 (2): 135.
Baron-Cohen, S. (2003). The Essential Difference: Men, Women and the Extreme Male Brain. New York: Penguin.
Sayed, Y., and P. Taxel. (2003). The use of estrogen therapy in men. Current Opinion in Pharmacology (December) 3: 650.
Kula, K., J. Slowikowska-Hilczer. (2003). Consequences of disturbed sex-hormone action in the central nervous system: Behavioral, anatomical and functional changes. Neurol Neurochir Pol. 37 Suppl 3: 19.
Ohyama, K. (2004). Disturbances of sex differentiation caused by exogenous hormones. Nippon Rinsho 62: 379.
Arai, Y. (2004). Sex differentiation of central nervous system--brain of man and woman. Nippon Rinsho 62: 81.
