(Thanks to TransAdvocate Webmaster some links on this list were found to have changed since Dr. Kerlin created it and have, where possible, found and altered changed links. Some links, however, cannot be repaired, as the pages simply require a paid subscription to view or download the listed document.)
DES-Related Information and Research Websites
Scott Kerlin, Ph.D., DES Sons Discussion Network
Version 1.0 (May 2002) Updated links at the bottom (May 2003)
Another DES site http://www3.telus.net/des/Start.htm
I. General DES nformation Sources
A Brief History of DES (Diethylstilbestrol) This timeline is provided by the DES Cancer Network for Women
(http://www.descancer.org) and includes references to the range of companies that manufactured DES.
ARC Known Carcinogens: Diethylstilbestrol A report from the National Toxicology Program of the National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences describing in detail the carcinogenic impact of DES on animals and on humans.
DES Action U.S.A. A national, non-profit consumer organization dedicated to informing the public about DES
and helping DES-exposed individuals. They publish a quarterly newsletter, The DES Action Voice, and many publications on various aspects of DES exposure. They also provide a link between DES-exposed people and researchers and the medical community. Most of the emphasis is on DES exposed females, and outreach/support for DES sons is quite limited. http://www.desaction.org
DES Action CanadaThe official website for the office of DES Action Canada, with many helpful resources. http://www.web.net/~desact/
DES Sons' Information Page, fom DES Action CanadaThis is the most comprehensive summary on DES health issues for exposed males. http://www.web.net/~desact/anglais/diethy/4son.html
DES Research Update: Current Knowledge, Future Directions, 1999 This is the official website for the 1999 conference on DES Research that was held at the headquarters of the National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland. It shows the scope and limitations of current federally-funded (U.S.) research interests about the effects of DES exposure in humans. http://searchosp1.nci.nih.gov/whealth/DES/index.html
Modus Operandi of an Infamous Drug: Diethylstilbestrol. An article originally published in Science News Online in 1999, this full-text reproduction discusses the genetic impact of DES and provides links to additional full-text articles covering DES.
Questions and Answers about DES: Cancer Facts From the National Cancer Institute's CancerNet website, this information focuses chiefly on the potential for cancer in DES daughters but also briefly discusses cancer potential for DES sons.
The Story of DES: A Cautionary Tale This revealing timeline of DES development and the discoveries (much later) of its dangerous effects is excerpted from Women and the Crisis in Sex Hormones, by Seaman and Seaman, 1971. http://www.oxford.net/~tishy/des.html
II. DES Research: Effects on Human Health, Sexuality, and Gender Development
Chemicals Linked to Declining Male Reproductive Health A 1996 article by Jorma Toppari et al, "Male Reproductive Health and Environmental Xenoestrogens" published in Environmental Health Perspectives is discussed in this paper, which includes a focus on the impact of DES exposure on males. http://www.monitor.net/rachel/r514.html
Chemical Profile for Diethylstilbestrol A very comprehensive fact sheet of hazardous potential of DES, produced by Environmental Defense. http://www.scorecard.org/chemical-profiles/summary.tcl?edf_substance_id=56-53-1
Development of the Cerebral Cortex: Sexual Differentiation of the Central Nervous System by Dr. Roger Gorski, Source: Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, 37(12): 1337-1339, 1998. This article contains many references to the impact DES may have on sexual differentiation in humans. http://info.med.yale.edu/chldstdy/plomdevelop/development/March99.html
Do Environmental Estrogens Have Negative Effects on the Human Reproductive System? This article by Jessica Spencer of the Emory University Department of Chemistry examines the chemical structure and the research covering effects of DES and other "environmental estrogens." http://www.ecit.emory.edu/ECIT/chem_ram/journal/journal.htm
Effects of Estrogen Treatment on Sexual Behavior in Male-to-Female Transsexuals: Experimental and Clinical Observations by Marie Kwan, Judy VanMaasdam, and Julian M. Davidson This article discusses various treatments of transsexuals with hormone therapy and the resulting effects; one client is included who was given DES as a primary estrogen. http://www.transgender.at/nettext/te-effec.html
Endocrine Disruptors: The State of the Science (1997) This report by Ted Schettler MD, MPH of the Greater Boston Physicians for Social Responsibility defines what endocrine disruption is, and contains many references to the effects of DES. http://www.psr.org/tedfs.htm
Endocrinology and Environmental Estrogens A fact sheet from the Endocrine Society that discusses the impact of synthetic estrogens (including DES) on the endocrine system. http://www.endo-society.org/pubrelations/patientInfo/estrogens.htm
Endocrine active environmental chemicals and sexual differentiation of central nervous system and reproductive organs: Steroid hormone-regulated gene expression This research proposal is from Prof. W. Lichtensteiger and Dr. M. Schlumpf of the University of Zurich, and includes significant focus on DES and possible effects. http://www.research-projects.unizh.ch/med/unit43200/area443/p1261.htm
Environment and Health: Endocrine Disruption and Potential Human Health Implications This study by Gina M. Solomon and Ted Schettler was published in 2000 in the Canadian Medical Association Journal and discusses the effects in humans and animals of exposure to DES and other environmental hormone system (endocrine) disruptors. http://www.cmaj.ca/cgi/content/full/163/11/1471
Environmental and Occupational Hazards and Male Infertility A guide to various causes of male infertility, diminished libido, and other hormonal effects of environmental estrogens such as DES, sponsored by the Department of Urology of the State University of New York, Stony Brook.
Environmental Effects on Reproductive Health: The Endocrine Disruption Hypothesis Article by Dore Hollander reproduced from the March/April 1997 issue of Family Planning Perspectives, this includes a section covering the effects of DES.
Estrogen Actions in the Brain: A Symposium to Honor the Contributions of Roger Gorski An article from CNS Drug Reviews, Vol. 5 (1), 77-82 available in pdf format. http://www.nevapress.com/cnsdr/full/5/1/77.pdf
Evidence of Endocrine Disruptors Impact on Human Health This paper was produced by Professor Stephen Safe, a Distinguished Professor of Veterinary Physiology & Pharmacology at Texas A&M University, and presented for the Center for Health Effects of Environmental Contamination at the University of Iowa. It contains significant discussion about the potential effects of DES exposure in humans. http://www.cheec.uiowa.edu/conferences/edc_2000/safe.html
Exotic Becomes Erotic: A Developmental Theory of Sexual Orientation by Daryl J. Bem, Cornell University The full text of a major research study on the impact of various factors (including the possible effects of DES exposure) on the development of sexual orientation in humans. http://www.psych.cornell.edu/dbem/ebe_theory.html
Hormonally Active Agents in the Environment, by the National Research Council and Commission on Life Sciences
This full-text reproduction of the 2000 book is available on the web as part of the National Academy Press online publications collection (www.nap.edu) and contains substantial discussion of DES and other environmental hormone disruptors. Highly-recommended for serious researchers! http://www.nap.edu/catalog/6029.html
Human (DES) Exposures and Human Health Effects A paper by Dr. Richard Miller on the effects of DES and other hormone disruptors in humans, provided byMcMaster University (Canada) Department of Biology. http://www.science.mcmaster.ca/Biology/4S03/hd3.html
Human Pheromones: Mammalian Olfactory, Genetic, Neuronal, Hormonal, and Behavioral Reciprocity and Human Sexuality An article originally published by James Vaughn Kohl in the journal Advances in Human Behavior and Evolution, which includes reference to research on DES exposure and sexual orientation. http://cas.bellarmine.edu/tietjen/images/human_pheromones.htm
Human Sexual Differentiation: Overview This paper was authored by P.C. Sizonenko of the Department of Pediatrics at University Cantonal Hospital, Geneva, Switzerland. It covers the basic aspects of biological differentiation of the human male and female, and includes reference to effects of DES in relation to intersexuality and testosterone deficiency. http://matweb.hcuge.ch/endo/Reproductive_health/Human_sexual_differentiation.html
Involvement of Insulin-Like Factor 3 (Insl3) in Diethylstilbestrol-Induced Cryptorchidism by Judith M. A. Emmen, Anke McLuskey, Ibrahim M. Adham, Wolfgang Engel, Miriam Verhoef-Post, Axel P. N. Themmen, J. Anton Grootegoed and Albert O. BrinkmannAn article published in Endocrinology, 2000, Vol. 141, No. 2 p. 846. http://endo.endojournals.org/cgi/content/full/141/2/846
Male Reproductive Health and Environmental Exposures This summary, which includes a discussion of DES exposure and urogenital abnormalities, discusses issues of male infertility and testicular cancer. Provided by the Mount Sinai School of
Medicine Center for Children's Health and the Environment.http://www.childenvironment.org/factsheets/male_reproductive_health.htm
Mortality and Morbidity in Transsexual Patients With Cross-Gender Hormone Treatment by H. Asscheman, L.J.G. Gooren, and P.L.E. Eklund (original source unknown) This research study focuses on uses of various uses of estrogenic products for assisting male-to-female transsexuals in transitioning, and describes the uses of DES as such a product until around 1980 (source of original information unknown) http://www.sissify.com/realgirl/mortality.html
Neurotransmitters and the Control of Hypophyseal Gonadal Functions: Possible Implications of Endocrine Disruptors (pdf document) Published by F. Piva and L. Martini of the University of Milano (Italy) Department of Endocrinology in the journal Pure & Applied Chemistry, Vol. 70 (9), pp. 1647-1656, 1998, this paper discusses the potential effects of DES and other endocrine disruptors on development of the neuroendocrine system in humans. http://www.iupac.org/publications/pac/special/0998/pdfs/109.pdf
New Approaches for Estimating Risk from Exposure to Diethylstilbestrol (1999) This is the abstract for an article published by Gerald R. Cunha et al. in Environmental Health Perspectives Volume 107, Supplement 4, August 1999, which outlines a multidisciplinary research approach to identifying the effects of human exposure to DES. http://ehpnet1.niehs.nih.gov/docs/1999/suppl-4/625-630cunha/abstract.html
Reproductive Malformation of the Male Offspring Following Maternal Exposure to Estrogenic Chemicals by Dr. Chhanda Gupta This paper by Dr. Gupta of the University of Pittsburgh's School of Pharmacy contains extensive references to the effects of prenatal DES exposure on male and was published in the Proceedings of the Society for Experimental Biology and Medicine in July 2000. http://www.mindfully.org/Pesticide/Maternal-Exposure-Repro-Malform.htm
Relative Effectiveness and Cost-Effectiveness of Methods of Androgen Suppression in the Treatment of Advanced Prostatic Cancer: Summary Evidence Report/Technology Assessment: Number 4, January 1999 This study was developed by the U.S. Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ) and assesses the relative benefits and disadvantages of using DES to treat advanced prostate cancer because of its function as an "androgen blockade" (i.e. testosterone suppressant). http://www.ahcpr.gov/clinic/epcsums/prossumm.htm
Sex Steroids and Human Behavior: Implications for Developmental Psychopathology This article, published by Gerianne M. Alexander, PhD, and Bradley S. Peterson, MD in CNS Spectrums 2001;6(1), pp. 75-88, explores a summary of research investigating hormonal influences on human behavior. Using an association between patterns of sexual differentiation and specific forms of psychopathology it suggests novel avenues for assessing the effects of sex steroids (including DES) on brain structure and function in males and females.
Testicular Dysgenesis Syndrome: An Increasingly Common Developmental Disorder with Environmental Aspects This article by N.E.Skakkebæk, E.Rajpert-De Meyts and K.M.Main of Copenhagen University Hospital, Denmark, was produced in the July 2001 issue of Human Reproduction v. n.5 pp. 972.-978, and discusses a wide range of male reprodutive health problems including the newly defined testicular dysgenesis syndrome (TDS) which the authors attribute largely to environmental influences. http://www.mindfully.org/Health/Testicular-Dysgenesis-Skakkebaek.htm
That Feminine Touch: Are Men Suffering from Prenatal or Childhood Exposures to "Hormonal" Toxicants?
An article by J. Raloff published January 1994 in Science News that discusses the potential effects of prenatal exposure to DES and other sex hormones on gender and sexual differentiation for males. http://www.sciencenews.org/sn_edpik/ls_8.htm
III. Sites Providing Glimpses of Direct Effects of DES on Gender and Sexuality
About Diethylstilbestrol; About Gender This comment page on diethylstilbestrol and gender is excerpted from the evolving online text, "About Gender" (www.gender.org.uk/about/), which features many psychological, biological, and sociological examinations of gender development. DES exposure is discussed in chapter 5 on "the developing embryo". http://www.gender.org.uk/about/04embryo/47_comnt.htm
Hormone Therapy FAQ Guide, from the Society for Human Sexuality This comprehensive guide is a part of the SHS website www.sexuality.org and includes tips on all aspects of sex hormones including a reference to DES and its historical use for the treatment of transsexuals under the estrogens section. http://www.sexuality.org/l/transgen/hormone.html
Mikki's Miracle Missive on the World Wide Web: Mikki's Hormones Get FAQ'd (1996) See reference to DES under available estrogens for transitioning males, question "What are the types, names, of popular drugs employed in M2F transition and available in the U.S.?" http://www.tapa.com/TGIF/heavy/whoremoans.html
Transsexual and Transgender Health Information, from Gay Community News (Ireland) This site provides information on which hormones are available and most useful in Ireland for assisting transsexuals with hormone therapy. There is significant reference to DES, particularly under the section on which hormones are available in Ireland. It is quite clear that DES is being included here as an option. http://www.gcn.ie/gcn/health/t_health.html
Transgender Q&A Guide: Diethylstilbestrol This page has limited information but is revealing of some of the previous inquiries about the uses of DES to assist in the feminization process for M to F transsexuals. http://www.tgguide.com/question/QA10.html
Willow Firesong's Circle of Firelight in the Grove of Information This site is for Pagans as a reference regarding sex and sexuality. Under the section entitled "what is your belief about transsexualism?" is the following: "Male to Female transsexualism is often associate with the use of DiEthylStilbestrol, or DES, by their mothers prenatally; this is a female hormone sometimes used as a fertility drug." http://members.tripod.com/~Willow_Firesong/Tradtion/sex.html
DES Litigation
Aaron Levine: DES Litigation for Women This information page was developed for DES daughters by Aaron Levine, an attorney in Washington, D.C. who specializes in litigation on behalf of women injured by DES exposure.
Can You Sue Drug Manufacturers for Injuries Caused by DES? by William D. Fireman, Attorney at Law
Questions to consider in potential DES drug liability suits. http://www.yourdeslawyer.com/do_you_have_a_case.htm
DES Case Study: Legal and Ethical Issues This brief case study of DES is an appendix from the 1994 textbook Women and Health Research: Ethical and Legal Issues of Including Women in Clinical Studies, Volume 1, produced by the Institute of Medicine and published by the National Academy Press. http://books.nap.edu/books/030904992X/html/237.html
DES Drug Liability, by Lawrence E. Feldman & Associates Updated information (2001) on DES manufacturer liability, produced by Attorney Lawrence E. Feldman, Jenkintown, Pennsylvania. http://www.leflaw.net/des/
DES Litigation New York: IN THE MATTER OF DES MARKET SHARE LITIGATION (1992) Ruling by the New York Court of Appeals in 1992 supporting plaintiffs' rights to use a national standard for "market share" for "apportioning (manufacturer) defendants' liabilities according to their total culpability in marketing DES for use during pregnancy." http://www.law.cornell.edu/ny/ctap/079_0299.htm
DES Litigation: DEBORAH ASHLEY and ANDREW ASHLEY vs. BOEHRINGER INGELHEIM PHARMACEUTICALS, U.S. 2nd Court of Appeals, 1993 Provides a case study of an unsuccessful appeal by a DES manufacturing company to reverse a court ruling against it for harm caused to the plaintiffs by DES. This ruling is significant for its overview of case history and background legal issues pertaining to DES, including the "market share theory" that has been used by courts in DES litigation against various manufacturers. http://law.touro.edu/2ndCircuit/Pre95/92-9074.html
DES Litigation: In the Matter of Susan Wetherill, Respondent, vs. Eli Lilly & Company (New York, 1997)
New York court decision of February 1997 which found that the plaintiff, a DES daughter, had exceeded the time allowed for filing suit against the drug manufacturers following first discovery of the 'injury' caused by DES exposure. http://www.law.cornell.edu/ny/ctap/I97_0010.htm
DES Litigation: KAREN ENRIGHT, AN INFANT &C., ET AL., RESPONDENTS, v. ELI LILLY & COMPANY, ET AL., APPELLANTS. Citation: 77 N.Y.2d 377, 570 N.E.2d 198, 568 N.Y.S.2d 550 (1991). Decided February 19, 1991. This court decision involved investigation regarding DES drug manufacturers' liability for harm when a third-generation DES granddaughter is affected. http://www.law.cornell.edu/ny/ctap/077_0377.htm
DES Litigation: Martin v. Abbott Laboratories, 1984 An important reference document on the history of DES development and production beginning in the early 1940s, and a major decision regarding DES manufacturers' product liability.
DES Research Update: Current Knowledge, Future Directions, 1999 This is the official website for the 1999 conference on DES Research that was held on July 19 and 20 at the headquarters of the National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland.
Federal Authorization for Establishment of NIH Program Regarding DES Exposure and Long-term Research, excerpted from the U.S. Code Title 42 This is the governing text of official authorization for the NIH to "establish a program for the conduct and support of research and training, the dissemination of health information, and other programs with respect to the diagnosis and treatment of conditions associated with exposure to the drug diethylstilbestrol", running from fiscal year 1993 to fiscal year 2003. http://www4.law.cornell.edu/uscode/42/283a.html
HIV, WOMEN, AND ACCESS TO CLINICAL TRIALS: TORT LIABILITY AND LESSONS FROM DES Article published in the Duke Journal of Gender Law and Policy by Anna C. Mastroianni http://www.law.duke.edu/journals/djglp/articles/gen5p167.htm
Patricia Martin Stanford, Attorney at Law Stanford is a specialist in on personal injury law based in Florida, with an emphasis on pharmaceutical product liability actions on behalf of individuals injured as a result of DES exposure. http://www.deslaw.com
Testimony of a DES Daughter before the U.S. House Judiciary Committee on the Impact of DES This is a replication of the presentation by Stephanie T. Kanarek, a DES Daughter, before the House Judiciary Committee, in which she called upon the 105th Congress to enact product liability reform in the pharmaceutical industry. http://www.house.gov/judiciary/1012.htm
Other Links
A Molecular Basis for Estrogen-Induced Cryptorchidism (2000, abstract) Abstract of article by S Nef, T Shipman, and LF Parada published in the August 2000 issue of the journal Developmental Biology. http://highwire.stanford.edu/cgi/medline/pmid;10926772?
A Randomized Double-Blind Controlled Trial of the Value of Stilbestrol Therapy in Pregnancy: Long-term Follow-up... (1983, abst) Abstract from a study published by MP Vessey et al. in the November 1983 issue of the British Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology. http://highwire.stanford.edu/cgi/medline/pmid;6357269?
Altered Immune Response in Adult Women Exposed to Diethylstilbestrol in Utero (2001, abstract) Abstract of an article/study by Louis Burke, et al., published in the July 2001 issue of the American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology.
Are Estrogens Carcinogenic During Development of the Testes? (1998, abstract) Abstract of an article by JA McLachlan, RR Newbold, S Li, and M Negishi published in the January 1, 1998 issue of the journal APMIS. http://highwire.stanford.edu/cgi/medline/pmid;9524585?
Association of Diethylstilbestrol Exposure in utero with Cryptorchidism, Testicular Hypoplasia and Semen Abnormalities (1979 ab) Abstract of a major study by WB Gill et al. published in the July 1979 issue of the Journal of Urology. http://highwire.stanford.edu/cgi/medline/pmid;37351?
Breast Cancer in Mothers Given Diethylstilbestrol in Pregnancy, by ER Greenberg et al. (1984, abstract only) This abstract is from a study published in the November 1984 New England Journal of Medicine. http://content.nejm.org/cgi/content/abstract/311/22/1393
Cancer Risk in Men Exposed In Utero to Diethylstilbestrol (2001, abstract) This study was published in the April 4, 2001 issue of Journal of the National Cancer Institute. http://jncicancerspectrum.oupjournals.org/cgi/content/abstract/jnci;93/7/545?fulltext=&searchid=QID_NOT_SET
Cancer Risk in Women Exposed to Diethylstilbestrol In Utero, by Elizabeth Hatch, et al. (1998) Full text reproduction of an article published in the August 19, 1998 Journal of the American Medical Association, this article offers a comprehensive overview of research into cancer issues among DES daughters. http://www.cdc.gov/des/consumers/research/recent_cancer.html
Cellular and Molecular Effects of Developmental Exposure to Diethylstilbestrol: Implications for Other Environmental Estrogens Abstract of an article published in 1995 by DES researcher Retha Newbold. http://ehpnet1.niehs.nih.gov/docs/1995/Suppl-7/newbold.html
Characterization of Diethylstilbestrol-induced Hypospadias in Female Mice (2002, abstract) Abstract of study by Shinichi Miyagawa et al. in the journal The Anatomical Record, 2002. http://www3.interscience.wiley.com/cgi-bin/abstract/88512024/START
Comparison of the Developmental and Reproductive Toxicity of Diethylstilbestrol Administered to Rats in Utero... (2002, abstr) Abstract of a recent study by J. Odum et al. published in 2002 in the journal Toxicological Sciences.
DES Exposure and the Aging Woman: Mothers and Daughters (2002, abstract) Abstract of a journal article by Cynthia Laitman published in the October 2002 issue of the journal Current Women's Health Reports. http://highwire.stanford.edu/cgi/medline/pmid;12215312?
DES Research Abstracts: PubMed Directory This link provides access to all articles cited in the NLM's PubMed database that include DES-related research. Check back regularly for updates. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=search&db=PubMed&term=Diethylstilbestrol
Depression and Diethylstilbestrol Exposure in Women (1987, abstract) Abstract of an article by M Fried-Cassorla, TO Scholl, LD Borow, HD Strassman, and EJ Bowers published in the November 1987 Journal of Reproductive Medicine.
Depression in Adults with a History of Prenatal DES Exposure (1985, citation only) Reference citation for a study published by HF Meyer-Bahlburg, et al. in the January 1985 issue of Psychopharmacology Bulletin. http://highwire.stanford.edu/cgi/medline/pmid;4034884?
Developing a Laboratory Animal Model for Perinatal Endocrine Disruption: The Hamster Chronicles (2002, abstract) Abstract of a study involving DES by William J. Hendry, III et al., published in the October 2002 issue of the journal Experimental Biology and Medicine. http://www.ebmonline.org/cgi/content/abstract/227/9/709
Diethylstilbestrol Revisited: A Review of the Long-term Health Effects (1995, abstract) Abstract of a comprehensive literature review by RM Giusti, K Iwamoto, and and EE Hatch of long-term health effects of DES mothers, daughters, sons, and DES grandchildren (3rd generation), this article was published in the May 15, 1995 Annals of Internal Medicine. http://highwire.stanford.edu/cgi/medline/pmid;7717601?
Diethylstilbestrol and Risk of Fatal Breast Cancer in a Prospective Cohort of U. S. Women (1996, abstract only) Abstract of an article published in the American Journal of Epidemiology by Eugenia E. Calle, October 1996. http://aje.oupjournals.org/cgi/content/abstract/144/7/645
Effect of Prenatal Exposure to Diethylstilbestrol on Müllerian Duct Development in Fetal Male Mice (1998) Full text of article published in October 1998 issue of the journal Endocrinology by Jenny A. Visser, et al., explores the effects of DES exposure in male mice and documents its impact on sexual differentiation. http://endo.endojournals.org/cgi/content/full/139/10/4244
Effect of in-utero Exposure to Diethylstilbestrol on age at Onset of Puberty and Postpubertal Hormone Levels in Boys (1983 abst) Abstract of an article published in the May 1983 Canadian Medical Association Journal by R. K. Ross, P. Garbeff, A. Paganini-Hill and B. E. Henderson. http://www.cmaj.ca/cgi/content/abstract/128/10/1197
Effects of Estrogen Treatment on Sexual Behavior in Male-to-Female Transsexuals: Experimental and Clinical Observations (1985) Abstract of an article by M Kwan, J VanMaasdam, and JM Davidson published in the February 1985 Archives of Sexual Behavior which documents the impact of DES treatment on sexual physiology and behavior in seven presurgical male-to-female transsexuals. http://highwire.stanford.edu/cgi/medline/pmid;2983641?
Effects of Estrogenic Chemicals on Development, by Lovell A. Jones and Richard A. Hajek (1995) Full text of article published in Environmental Health Perspectives, October 1995, which explores a range of effects of DES and other environmental estrogens. http://ehpnet1.niehs.nih.gov/docs/1995/Suppl-7/jones.html
Effects of Exogenous Estrogenic Agents on Pubertal Growth and Reproductive System Maturation in Female Rhesus Monkeys (2003, ab) Abstract of a new study (advanced publication online, May 2003) of effects of DES exposure by Mari S.
Golub et al., published in the journal Toxicological Sciences. http://toxsci.oupjournals.org/cgi/content/abstract/kfg090v1?
Effects of Prenatal Exposure to Diethylstilbestrol (DES) on Hemispheric Laterality and Spatial Ability in Human Males (1992 abs) Abstract of the results of a small study of DES-exposed males by JM Reinisch and SA Sanders of the Kinsey Institute for Sex and Gender, published 1992 in the journal Hormones and Behavior. http://highwire.stanford.edu/cgi/medline/pmid;1563729
Effects of Prenatal Maternal Estrogen on the Male Urogenital System (1980, abstract) Abstract of a study of DES-exposed males published by SG Driscoll and SH Taylor in the November 1980 issue of the journal Obstetrics and Gynecology. http://highwire.stanford.edu/cgi/medline/pmid;7432722?
Effects of Prenatal Sex Hormones on Gender-Related Behavior (1981, abstract)
Abstract of an article originally published in the March 1981 issue of Science magazine by AA Ehrhardt and HF Meyer-Bahlburg, this study offers one of the first investigations of possible effects of prenatal DES exposure on gender-related human development. http://highwire.stanford.edu/cgi/medline/pmid;7209510
Effects of in-utero Exposure to DES on Male Progeny (1985, abstract) Abstract of an article by A. M. Niculescu published in the November 1985 issue of the Journal of Obstetric, Gynecologic, and Neonatal Nursing. http://jognn.awhonn.org/cgi/content/abstract/14/6/468?
Endocrine Disrupting Chemicals and Carcinogenesis--Breast, Testis, and Prostate Cancer (2000, abstract)
Abstract of a study involving DES and other endocrine disrupting chemicals (EDCs) by K Imaida and T Shirai published in the December 2000 issue of the Japanese journal Nippon Rinsho. http://highwire.stanford.edu/cgi/medline/pmid;11187749?
Environmental Endocrine Disruptors and Disorders of Sexual Differentiation (2002, abstract) Abstract of a study by Jorma Toppari that includes a focus on the effects of DES in humans, published as part of a special 2002 issue of the journal Seminars in Reproductive Medicine devoted to Normal and Abnormal Sexual Differentiation. http://www.thieme-connect.com/DOI/DOI?10.1055/s-2002-35377
Environmental Endocrine Modulators and Human Health: An Assessment of the Biological Evidence (1998, abstract)
Abstract of a study by RJ Golden et al. published in the March 1998 issue of the journal Critical Reviews in Toxicology. http://highwire.stanford.edu/cgi/medline/pmid;9557209?
Environmental Signaling: What Embryos and Evolution Teach Us About Endocrine Disrupting Chemicals, by John McLachlan (2001) Full text article by DES research specialist and Professor John McLachlan, published in the journal Endocrine Reviews, Vol. 3, 2001, and providing a wealth of research on the impact of DES and other endocrine disrupting chemicals. http://edrv.endojournals.org/cgi/content/full/22/3/319
Estrogen Receptors, Estradiol, and Diethylstilbestrol in Early Development: The Mouse as a Model for the Study of Estrogen... This is the abstract and pdf of full text article published in the February 1993 issue of the journal Endocrine Reviews by TL Greco, TM Duello and J Gorski. http://edrv.endojournals.org/cgi/content/abstract/14/1/59
Evidence That Estrogens Directly Alter Androgen-Regulated Prostate Development (2000) Full text of article by Renea A. Jarred et al. published in the September 2000 issue of the journal Endocrinology. http://endo.endojournals.org/cgi/content/full/141/9/3471
Exogenous Hormone Exposure in Utero Increases Testicular Cancer Risk (2000) Research study by Weir, HK, LD Marrett, N Kreiger, GA Darlington and L Sugar reproduced from a 2000 issue of the International Journal of Cancer (name: "Pre-natal and peri-natal exposures and risk of testicular germ cell cancers"), this article explores the link between DES exposure and heightened risk of testicular cancer in males. http://www.ourstolenfuture.org/NewScience/human/cancer/2000weiretal.htm
Exposure to a Xenoestrogen before Birth: The Diethylstilbestrol Experience (1996, abstract) Abstract from article by I Palmlund published in the Journal of Psychosomatic Obstetrics and Gynecology, June 1996. http://highwire.stanford.edu/cgi/medline/pmid;8819018?
Fertility Disorders Attributable to the Use of Diethylstilbestrol During Intrauterine Life (1984, abstract) Abstract of a study published by E. Drapier in the April 1984 Review of French Gynecology and Obstetrics. http://highwire.stanford.edu/cgi/medline/pmid;6397835?
Fertility in Men Exposed Prenatally to Diethylstilbestrol, by Allan Wilcox, et al. (1995, pdf document) 1995 article published in the New England Journal of Medicine. http://dir.niehs.nih.gov/direb/fulltext/nejm1995ajw2.pdf
Follow-up Study of Male and Female Offspring of DES-exposed Mothers (1977, abstract) Abstract of a study by M Bibbo, WB Gill et al. published in the January 1977 issue of the journal Obstetrics and Gynecology. http://highwire.stanford.edu/cgi/medline/pmid;318736?
From Malformations to Molecular Mechanisms in the Male: Three Decades of Research on Endocrine
Disrupters (2001, abstract) Abstract of article focusing on DES by John A McLachlan, RR Newbold, ME Burow, and SF Li published in the April 1, 2001 issue of the journal APMIS.
Gender-Identity, Body Experience, Sexuality, and the Wish for Having Children in DES Daughters (1996, abstract) This article and study by MH Bekker, GL Heck, and AJ Vingerhoets was published in the January 1996 issue of the journal Women's Health. http://highwire.stanford.edu/cgi/medline/pmid;8948086?
Gender-Related Behavior Development in Females Exposed to Diethylstilbestrol (DES) in utero: An Attempted Replication (1991 abs) This abstract is from an article by JD Lish, AA Ehrhardt, HF Meyer-Bahlburg, LR Rosen, RS Gruen, and NP Veridiano which speculates on possible effects of DES exposure on psychosexual development in females. Published in the January 1991 Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry.
Gender-related Behavior in Women Exposed Prenatally to Diethylstilbestrol, by Retha Newbold (1993, abstract)
Abstract of an article published in Environmental Health Perspectives, Volume 101, Number 3, 1993, on the potential gender-related effects of DES exposure in female offspring. http://ehpnet1.niehs.nih.gov/docs/1993/101-3/newbold.html
Genital Abnormalities and Abnormal Semen Analyses in Male Patients Exposed to Diethylstilbestrol in Utero (1981, abstract) Abstract of a study by ED Whitehead and E Leiter published in the January 1981 issue of the Journal of Urology.
Gestational and Lactational Exposure of Male Mice to Diethylstilbestrol Causes Long-Term Effects on the Testis... (2002 abstrct) This article by Mark R. Fielden, et al. was published in the August 2002 issue of the journal Endocrinology and discusses the long-term effects of gestational and lactational exposure to DES on on mouse testicular growth, epididymal sperm count, and testicular gene expression. http://endo.endojournals.org/cgi/content/abstract/143/8/3044
Haemodynamic Changes and Left Ventricular Performance During High-dose Oestrogen Administration to Male Transsexuals (1986 abst) Abstract of an article by AJ Slater, N Gude, IJ Clarke, and WA Walters published in the June 1986 issue of the British Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology examining some of the effects of administering DES as an oestrogen treatment for male-to-female transsexuals. http://highwire.stanford.edu/cgi/medline/pmid;3730322?
Hormonal Contributions to Sexually-Dimorphic Behavioral Development in Humans (1991 abstract)
Abstract of an article by J.M. Reinisch, M. Ziemba-Davis, and S. Sanders of the Kinsey Institute, published in 1991 in the journal Psychoneuroendocrinology, which reviews 19 previous studies of human effects of prentatal exposure to various hormones including DES.
Hormone Deception, by D. Lindsey Berkson (2000) This website accompanies the 2000 book by D. Lindsey Berkson, who is a DES Daughter and a consulting scholar at the Center for Bioenvironmental Research at Tulane and Xavier Universities and a long-time women's health advocate. Strongly recommended for further research about DES and other environmental estrogens. http://www.hormonedeception.com
Hormones and Psychosexual Differentiation: Implications for the Management of Intersexuality, Homosexuality, and Transsexuality Abstract from a 1982 study published by H.F. Meyer-Bahlburg in the journal Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism. http://highwire.stanford.edu/cgi/medline/pmid;7139993
Hormones, Sexual Behaviour, and Gender Identity in Human Development, by Scott Kerlin (2003)
Full text of an unpublished paper by Scott Kerlin of the DES Sons' International Network, completed January 2003 and including discussion of research on the effects of DES in humans. http://kindredspiritlakeside.homestead.com/DES_Scott.html
Human Behavioral Sex Differences: A Role for Gonadal Hormones During Early Development? (1995, abstract)
Abstract of a comprehensive study by Marcia Collaer and Melissa Hines, published in the journal Psychological Bulletin, July 1995. http://highwire.stanford.edu/cgi/medline/pmid;7644606?
Hypogonadism Following Long-term Treatment with Diethylstilbestrol (1989, abstract) Abstract of a study by J Wortsman, A Hamidinia, and SJ Winters in the June 1989 issue of the American Journal of Medical Science. http://highwire.stanford.edu/cgi/medline/pmid;2500019?
Hypospadias in Sons of Women Exposed to Diethylstilbestrol in Utero: A Cohort Study (abstract only), 2002
This article from the journal The Lancet by Klip et al. traces the incidences of hypospadias in the sons of DES daughters (third generation DES grandsons) demonstrates the need for further inquiry into transgenerational effect of DES exposure on male reproductive development and health.
Identification of Risk Factors for Diethylstilbestrol-Associated Clear Cell Adenocarcinoma of the Vagina... (1991, abstract) Abstract of article by GB Sharp and P Cole published in the American Journal of Epidemiology in 1991. http://aje.oupjournals.org/cgi/content/abstract/134/11/1316
In Utero Diethylstilbestrol (DES) Exposure alters Hox Gene Expression in the Developing Müllerian System (2000)
Full text of an article published in the June 2000 issue of the FASEB Journal by Karen Block et al., examining the impact of prenatal DES exposure on gene expression in exposed females. http://www.fasebj.org/cgi/content/full/14/9/1101
In Utero Exposure to Diethylstilbestrol: Adverse Effects on the Reproductive Tract and Reproductive Performance... (1982, abstr) Abstract of an article published by R. J. Stillman in the April 1982 issue of the American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology. http://highwire.stanford.edu/cgi/medline/pmid;6121486?
Increased Risk of Profound Weigh Loss Among Women Exposed to Diethylstilbestrol in Utero (1991, abstract)
Abstract of a research study by CR Gustavson et al. published in the May, 1991 issue of the journal Behavioral Neural Biology.
Induction of Reproductive Tract Developmental Abnormalities in the Male Rat by Lowering Androgen Production...
(2002, abstract) Abstract of an article published in the journal Endocrinology, 2002, by Ana Rivas, Jane S. Fisher, Chris McKinnell, Nina Atanassova and Richard M. Sharpe which examines effects of neonatal exposure to DES in the male rat.
Infertility Among Women Exposed Prenatally to Diethylstilbestrol (2001, abstract only) Article published in 2001 issue of the American Journal of Epidemiology by Julie Palmer et al. http://aje.oupjournals.org/cgi/content/abstract/154/4/316
Intrauterine Exposure to Diethylstilbestrol: Long-term Effects in Humans (2000, abstract) Abstract of article by SH Swan in the December 2000 issue of the journal APMIS, calling for further research on DES sons. http://highwire.stanford.edu/cgi/medline/pmid;11252812?
Involvement of Insulin-Like Factor 3 (Insl3) in Diethylstilbestrol-Induced Cryptorchidism (2000) An article published in Endocrinology, 2000, Vol. 141, No. 2 p. 846, by Judith M. A. Emmen, Anke McLuskey, Ibrahim M. Adham, Wolfgang Engel, Miriam Verhoef-Post, Axel P. N. Themmen, J. Anton Grootegoed and Albert O. Brinkmann. http://endo.endojournals.org/cgi/content/full/141/2/846
Language Lateralization and Handedness in Women Prenatally Exposed to Diethylstilbestrol (DES) (2000, abstract)
Abstract of a study by L.L. Smith and Melissa Hines published in the July 2000 issue of the journal Psychoneuroendocrinology. http://highwire.stanford.edu/cgi/medline/pmid;10818283?
Long-term Effects of Exposure to Diethylstilbestrol (1988, abstract) Abstract of a 1985 follow-up survey of DES Daughters, Mothers, and Sons by DL Wingard and J Turiel, published in the Western Journal of Medicine in 1988. Very small sample size of DES sons in this study. http://www.ewjm.com/cgi/content/abstract/149/5/551
Long-term Psychiatric and Behavioral Consequences of Prentatal Exposure to Psychoactive Drugs (2002, abstract)
Abstract of a study by H Verdoux published in the French journal Therapie, March 2002.
Males Exposed in Utero to Diethylstilbestrol (1984, abstract) Abstract of a cohort study of DES sons conducted by FJ Leary, LJ Resseguie, LT Kurland, PC O'Brien, RF Emslander, and KL Noller published in the December 1984 Journal of the American Medical Association. http://highwire.stanford.edu/cgi/medline/pmid;6502859?
Mass Spectral Analysis of PC-SPES Confirms the Presence of Diethylstilbestrol (2002, abstract)
Abstract from an information article published by ES Guns, SL Goldenberg, and PN Brown in the December 2002 issue of the Canadian Journal of Urology. http://highwire.stanford.edu/cgi/medline/pmid;12517310
Mechanisms of DES Carcinogenicity: Effects of the TGF Alpha Transgene (1997, abstract) Abstract from study by K Gray, B Bullock, R Dickson, K Raszmann, J McLachlan, and G Merlino published in the January 1997 issue of the journal Progress in Clinical Biology Research. http://highwire.stanford.edu/cgi/medline/pmid;9108600?
Modus Operandi of an Infamous Drug: Diethylstilbestrol (1999) An article originally from Science News Online in 1999, this full-text reproduction discusses the genetic impact of DES and provides links to additional full-text articles covering DES.
Molecular Genetic Analysis of Clear Cell Adenocarcinomas of the Vagina and Cervix Associated with Diethylstilbestrol... (1996) Abstract of a study by J Boyd et al. published in the February 1996 issue of the journal Cancer.
Neonatal Estrogen Exposure of Male Rats Alters Reproductive Functions at Adulthood (2003)
Full text and abstract of study by H. O. Goyal , A. Robateau , T. D. Braden , C. S. Williams , K. K. Srivastava , K. Ali published in the January 2003 issue of the journal Biology of Reproduction. http://www.biolreprod.org/cgi/content/abstract/biolreprod.102.010637v1?c
New Approaches for Estimating Risk from Exposure to Diethylstilbestrol (1999) This is the abstract for an article published by Gerald R. Cunha et al in Environmental Health Perspectives Volume 107, Supplement 4, August 1999, which outlines a multidisciplinary research approach to identifying the effects of human exposure to DES. http://ehpnet1.niehs.nih.gov/docs/1999/suppl-4/625-630cunha/abstract.html
Observations on the Psychological Impact of Diethylstilbestrol Exposure and Suggestions on Management (1980, abstract) Abstract of an article by L Burke, RJ Apfel, S Fisher, and J Shaw in the March 1980 Journal of Reproductive Medicine. http://highwire.stanford.edu/cgi/medline/pmid;7373597?
Perinatal Factors in the Development of Gender-related Play Behavior: Sex Hormones versus Pregnancy Complications (1988, abstr) Abstract of a study by HF Meyer-Bahlburg, JF Feldman, P Cohen, and AA Ehrhardt published in the August 1, 1988 issue of the journal Psychiatry. http://highwire.stanford.edu/cgi/medline/pmid;3217455
Physical and Psychological Problems Associated with Exposure to Diethylstilbestrol (DES) (1988, abstract)
Abstract of an article by EJ Saunders in the January 1988 issue of the journal Hospital and Community Psychiatry.
Phytoestrogens: Potential Endocrine Disruptors in Males (1998, abstract)
Abstract of an article by R. Santti et al. published in the January 1998 issue of the journal Toxicology and Industrial Health.
Pituitary Tumors in Mice Exposed Prenatally to Diethylstilbestrol (1993, abstract)
Abstract of article published in the journal Cancer Research in 1993 by BE Walker and LA Kurth.
Possible Relationship Between in utero Diethylstilbestrol Exposure and Male Infertility (1981, abstract)
Abstract of a study by MA Stenchever et al. published in the May 15, 1981 issue of the American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology. http://highwire.stanford.edu/cgi/medline/pmid;7234914
Pre- and postnatal influence of testosterone propionate and diethylstilbestrol on differentiation of the sexually dimor... 1984 Abstract of article by KD Dohler, A Coquelin, F Davis, M Hines, JE Shryne, and RA Gorski published in the June 8, 1984 issue of the journal Brain Research. http://highwire.stanford.edu/cgi/medline/pmid;6733514
Prenatal 'Female Hormone' Administration and Psychosexual Development in Human Males (1980, citation)
Citation of a study including effects of DES in human males published by P Kester, R Green, SJ Finch, and K Williams in the December 1980 issue of the journal Psychoneuroendocrinology. http://highwire.stanford.edu/cgi/medline/pmid;7208750?
Prenatal Diethylstilbestrol Exposure and Self-Reported Immune-Related Diseases (1998, abstract)
Abstract of study by AJ Vingerhoets et al. published in the April 1998 issue of the European Journal of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Biology. http://highwire.stanford.edu/cgi/medline/pmid;9578280?
Prenatal Diethylstilbestrol Exposure: Behavioral Consequences in Humans (1986, citation only)
Citation for article by H. Meyer-Bahlburg and Anke Ehrhardt published in Monographs of Neural Sciences, January 1986. http://highwire.stanford.edu/cgi/medline/pmid;3796650
Prenatal Exposure to Diethylstilbestrol (DES): Childhood Play Behavior and Adult Gender Role Behavior in Women (1992, abstract) Abstract of article by JD Lish JD, HF Meyer-Bahlburg, AA Ehrhardt, BG Travis, and NP Veridiano published in the journal Archives of Sexual Behavior, October 1992. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=1417473&dopt=Abstract
Prenatal Exposure to Diethylstilbestrol and the Mother-Daughter Relationship (1996, abstract)
Abstract of a study by F Cahen, E Dubreuil, and JC Pons in the April 1996 issue of the European Journal of Obstetrics,
Gynecology, and Reproductive Biology. http://highwire.stanford.edu/cgi/medline/pmid;8730622?
Prenatal Exposure to Endocrine Disrupting Chemicals: Effects on Behavioral Development (1999, abstract)
Abstract of a study which includes investigation of DES by P Palanza, F Morellini, S Parmigiani, and FS vom Saal, published in the November 1, 1999 issue of the journal Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews. http://highwire.stanford.edu/cgi/medline/pmid;10580314?
Prenatal Exposure to Female Hormones: Effect on Psychosexual Development in Boys (1973, citation only)
Citation of a study of DES-exposed males published by ID Yalom, R. Green, and N. Fish in the April 1, 1973 issue of the Archives of General Psychiatry. http://highwire.stanford.edu/cgi/medline/pmid;4734959?
Prenatal Exposure to Sex Hormones: A Case-Control Study (1998, abstract only) Abstract of a study by ML Martinez-Frias, E Rodriguez-Pinilla, E Bermejo, and L Prieto published in the January 1, 1998 issue of the journal Teratology. http://highwire.stanford.edu/cgi/medline/pmid;9516746?
Prenatal Gonadal Hormones and Sex Differences in Human Behavior (1982, reference only)
Citation for an article which includes discussion of DES, published by Melissa Hines in the July 1982 issue of Psychological Bulletin. http://highwire.stanford.edu/cgi/medline/pmid;7134329
Proliferative Lesions and Reproductive Tract Tumors in Male Descendents of Mice Exposed
Developmentally to Diethylstilbestrol (2000) Full text of article published in July 2000 issue of the journal Carcinogenisis by Retha R. Newbold et al., this article explores the effects of DES exposure on reproductive tract development in male mice, with discussion of implications for development in human males. http://carcin.oupjournals.org/cgi/content/full/21/7/1355
Prolonged Neuroendocrine Effects of a Brief Exposure of Adult Male Rats to Diethylstilbestrol (1989, abstract)
Abstract of a study by RW Steger et al. in the February 1989 issue of Neuroendocrinology.
Prostate Enlargement in Mice due to Fetal Exposure to Low Doses of Estradiol or Diethylstilbestrol and... (1997)
Full text of article by Frederick S. vom Saal et al. in the March 4, 1997 Proceedings of the National Academy
Psychological Effects of Diethylstilbestrol Exposure (1977, abstract) Abstract of a study of DES daughters published by RW Schwartz and NB Stewart in the January 17, 1977 issue of the Journal of the American Medical Association.
Psychopathology and Social Functioning in Men Prenatally Exposed to Diethylstilbestrol (DES) (1993, abstract)
Abstract of a study published in the journal Psychosomatic Medicine in 1993 by RC Pillard, et al.
Psychopathology in Prenatally DES-Exposed Females: Current and Lifetime Adjustment (1987, abstract)
Abstract of a study by AA Ehrhardt et al. published in 1987 in the journal Psychosomatic Medicine.
Psychosexual Characteristics of Men and Women Exposed Prenatally to Diethylstilbestrol (2003, abstract)
Abstract of a study/article by Linda Titus-Ernstoff et al., published in the March 2003 issue of the journal
Psychosexual Development: An Examination of the Role of Prentatal Hormones, by AA Ehrhardt
and HF Meyer-Bahlburg (1978 abstract) Early investigative research on the potential effects of prenatal exposure
to DES as well as to androgenic hormones in humans. http://highwire.stanford.edu/cgi/medline/pmid;256833
Psychosexual Milestones in Women Prenatally Exposed to Diethylstilbestrol (1984, abstract)
Abstract of a study by HF Meyer-Bahlburg, AA Ehrhardt, LR Rosen, JF Feldman, NP Veridiano, I Zimmerman, and
BS McEwen published in the September 1984 issue of the journal Hormones and Society.
Psychosis and Prenatal Exposure to Diethylstilbestrol (1987, abstract) Abstract of a study by DL Katz et al. published in the May 1987 issue of the Journal of Nervous and Mental Diseases. http://highwire.stanford.edu/cgi/medline/pmid;3572383?
Rates and risks of Diethylstilbestrol-related Clear-Cell Adenocarcinoma of the Vagina and Cervix. An Update (1987, abstract) Abstract of an article by S Melnick, P Cole, D Anderson, and A Herbst in the New England Journal of
Medicine, February 26, 1987. http://content.nejm.org/cgi/content/abstract/316/9/514
Reproductive Malformation of the Male Offspring Following Maternal Exposure to Estrogenic Chemicals (2000, abstract) This abstract is from an article by Chhanda Gupta published in the June 2000 issue of the journal Experimental
Biology and Medicine. http://www.ebmonline.org/cgi/content/abstract/224/2/61
Risk Factors for Ectopic Pregnancy: A Meta-Analysis (1996, abstract) Abstract of an article by WM Ankum et al. in the June 1996 issue of the journal Fertility and Sterility. http://highwire.stanford.edu/cgi/medline/pmid;8641479?
Risk of Breast Cancer in Women Exposed to Diethylstilbestrol in utero: Preliminary Results (2002 research
summary, from Our Stolen Future) This summary of research by JR Palmer et al. published in the journal Cancer
Causes and Control, Vol. 13 (2002) appears in an online review for the Our Stolen Future website.
Self-Concept in the Diethylstilbestrol Daughter (1984, abstract) Abstract of article and study by MA Shafer et al. published in the June 1984 issue of the journal Obstetrics and Gynecology http://highwire.stanford.edu/cgi/medline/pmid;6728363?
Sex-Dimorphic Behaviour Development in the Human: Prenatal Hormone Administration and Postnatal
Socialization (1978, abstract) Abstract of an article by Richard Green published in March 14, 1978 proceedings
of Ciba Foundation Symposium, this article investigates the potential effects of exposure to prenatal hormones
such as DES on human sexual differentiation and behavior. http://highwire.stanford.edu/cgi/medline/pmid;256835
Sexual Activity Level and Sexual Functioning in Women Prenatally Exposed to Diethylstilbestrol (1985, abstract only) Abstract of article published in the journal Psychosomatic Medicine, November 1985, by HF Meyer-Bahlburg,
AA Ehrhardt, JF Feldman, LR Rosen, NP Veridiano and I Zimmerman. http://www.psychosomaticmedicine.org/cgi/content/abstract/47/6/497
Sexual Behavior of Japanese Quail as a Test End Point for Endocrine Disruption: Effects of in Ovo
Exposure to Diethylstilbestrol (1999) Abstract of an article published in 1999 in Environmental Health
Perspectives (NIEHS) by researchers from the Department of Environmental Toxicology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden.
Sexual Differentiation and Environmental Endocrine Disrupters (1998, abstract) Abstract of an article by J Toppari and NE Skakkebaek in a special issue of the journal Baillieres Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism, April 1998. http://highwire.stanford.edu/cgi/medline/pmid;9890066?
Sexual Differentiation of Aromatase Activity in the Rat Brain: Effects of Perinatal Steroid Exposure (1998, pdf document) Full text of article by Charles E. Roselli and Scott A. Klosterman in the journal Endocrinology, 1998.
Sexual Differentiation of Cognitive Abilities in Women Exposed to Diethylstilbestrol (DES) Prenatally (1996, abstract)
Abstract of a study by Melissa Hines and EC Sandberg published in the December 1996 issue of the journal
Hormones and Behavior. http://highwire.stanford.edu/cgi/medline/pmid;9047262?
Sexual Dimorphism in Diethylstilbestrol-induced Prolactin Pituitary Tumors in F344 Rats (2000, abstract)
Abstract of study by GG Piroli et al. published in the August 2000 issue of the journal Psychoneuroendocrinology.
Sexual Orientation After Prenatal Exposure to Exogenous Estrogen (1985, abstract)
Abstract of an study by AA Ehrhardt, et al. published in the February 1985 issue of the journal Archives of Sexual
Behavior, this small study of DES-exposed daughters discusses potential impact on sexual orientation.
Single-Therapy Androgen Suppression in Men with Advanced Prostate Cancer: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis (2000) This article published in the April 4, 2000 issue of the Annals of Internal Medicine by Jerome Seidenfeld, et al.,
examines the efficacy of various treatments for prostate cancer including orchiectomy, administration of DES, luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone (LHRH) and other types of antiandrogens. http://www.annals.org/issues/v132n7/full/200004040-00009.html
Squamous Metaplasia of the Verumontanum with Obstruction Due to Hypertrophy: Long-term Effects of Estrogen... (1984, abstract) Abstract of an article published by WE Goodwin and RH Cummings in the March 1984 Journal of Urology reporting on the impact of DES exposure in a single male-to-female transsexual who was prescribed DES since birth in 1954.
Steroid Hormones and Brain Development: Some Guidelines for Understanding Actions of Pseudohormones and Other Toxic Agents, 1987 Abstract of an article by BS McEwen published in the October 1987 issue of the journal Environmental Health Perspectives. http://highwire.stanford.edu/cgi/medline/pmid;2826119?
Structural and Functional Abnormalities in the Sex Organs of Male Offspring of Mothers Treated with Diethylstilbestrol (1976 ab) Abstract of a study of DES-exposed males by WB Gill, GF Schumacher, and M Bibbo published in the April 1, 1976 issue of the Journal of Reproductive Medicine. http://highwire.stanford.edu/cgi/medline/pmid;772199?
Teratogen Update: Carcinogenesis and Teratogenesis Associated with Diethylstilbestrol (DES) Exposure in Utero (1995, abstract) Abstract of a study published by R. Mittendorf in the June 1995 issue of the journal Teratology.
The DES Sons Online Discussion Network: Critical Issues and the Need for Further Research, by Scott Kerlin and Wayne Beyer (2002) This is an online version of a draft summary of issues learned from the first three years of research with the DES Sons' International Discussion Network. An updated and abbreviated version of this paper has been published in Transgender Tapestry, Issue 100 (2003), sponsored by the International Foundation for Gender Education (IFGE). http://www.kindredspiritlakeside.homestead.com/DES_Info.html
The Development of Gender-Related Behavior in Females Following Prenatal Exposure to Diethylstilbestrol (DES), 1989 (abstract only) Abstract of a study by AA Ehrhardt, HF Meyer-Bahlburg et al. published in the December 1, 1989 issue of the journal Hormones & Behavior. http://highwire.stanford.edu/cgi/medline/pmid;2606466
The Effects of Diethylstilbestrol (DES) Before Birth on the Development of Masculine Behavior in Juvenile Female Rhesus Monkeys Abstract of an article published in the journal Hormones and Behavior, December 1996, by RW Goy and BL Deputte. http://highwire.stanford.edu/cgi/medline/pmid;9047264?
The Effects of Exogenous Female Hormones on the Fetus (1979, abstract) Abstract of an article documenting initial discoveries of the effects of DES on the human fetus, published by S Shapiro and D Slone in the January 1979 issue of the journal Epedemiological Review. http://highwire.stanford.edu/cgi/medline/pmid;398263
The Inhibition of DNA Repair Capacity by Stilbene Estrogen in Leydig Cells: Its Implications in the Induction of... (2001 abstr) Abstract of a study of the effects of DES by JW DuMond and D Roy in the November 1, 2001 issue of the journal Mutation Research. http://highwire.stanford.edu/cgi/medline/pmid;11600129?
Time- and Dose-Related Effects of Estradiol and Diethylstilbestrol on the Morphology and Function of the Fetal Rat Testis (2003) Abstract of a study by Julie Lassurguère*, Gabriel Livera, René Habert and Bernard Jégou published in the May 2003 issue of the journal Toxicological Sciences. http://toxsci.oupjournals.org/cgi/content/abstract/73/1/160
Transplacental exposure to diethylstilbestrol in men (1979, abstract) Abstract of a study by RW Andonian and R Kessler published in the March 1, 1979 issue of the journal Urology. http://highwire.stanford.edu/cgi/medline/pmid;442345?
Tumors in DES Grandchildren (1998) This report by Retha Newbold et al. was published in 1998 in the journal Carcinogenesis and summarized by the Center for Bioenvironmental Research (CBR). It focuses on the increased potential for development of cancer within the children of females exposed prenatally to DES. http://www.som.tulane.edu/ecme/eehome/newsviews/research/desgrand.html
Urogenital Tract Abnormalities in Sons of Women Treated with Diethylstilbestrol (1976, abstract)
Abstract of a study published by BE Henderson et al. in the October 1976 issue of the journal Pediatrics.
Women Exposed to DES In Utero Have Elevated Risks Of Fertility Impairment And Adverse Pregnancy Outcomes (2001) Full text reproduction of a digest feature in the January/February 2001 issue of Family Planning Perspectives
from the Alan Guttmacher Institute. http://www.guttmacher.org/pubs/journals/3304301.html
A Drug Recall.com Guide to DES Basic information on DES and the roots of its being "recalled" from regular use during the 1970s. http://www.adrugrecall.com/des/des.html
A Health Baby Girl: Brief History of DES A background guide on the history, promotion, and ongoing impact of DES in humans, produced in 1997 by the Independent Television Network (ITV). http://www.itvs.org/external/babyg/timeline.html
About Diethylstilbestrol; About Gender This comment page on diethylstilbestrol and gender is excerpted from the evolving online text, "About Gender" (http://www.gendys.mcmail.com/about.htm), which features many psychological, biological, and sociological examinations of gender development. DES exposure is discussed in chapter 5 on "the developing embryo".
Andre Picard Reports: DES (2001 story) A profile story on the effects of DES, presented online by award-winning author and journalist Andre Picard. http://www.andrepicard.com/DES.html
Andre Picard: Sisters Launch Suit Against Drug Manufacturer of DES, May 2001 A news story reproduced online as part of Andre Picard's reports. http://www.andrepicard.com/sisters.html
Chemical Profile for Diethylstilbestrol A very comprehensive fact sheet of hazardous potential of DES, produced by Environmental Defense. http://www.scorecard.org/chemical-profiles/summary.tcl?edf_substance_id=56-53-1
DES Drug Information Guide from the BC Cancer Agency This fact sheet is for use of DES as a treatment of advanced prostate cancer in males, and lists the types of side effects associated with adult exposure.
DES Stories: Faces and Voices of People Exposed to Diethylstilbestrol This is the companion and promotional website for the new (2001) book, DES Stories, edited by Margaret Lee Braun and containing photographs and stories from DES-exposed daughters, mothers, and sons. http://www.desstories.com/index.html
DES and Estrogens for Hormone Refractory Prostate Cancer (HRPC) This page explores in depth the relative effects and benefits of using DES for treatment of prostate cancer. http://www.hormonerefractorypca.org/estrogens.htm
DES: A Tragic Lesson, from the Chemical Manufacturers Association Environmental Endocrine Issues Profile
This profile, from the Chemical Manufacturers Association, is revealing of what critical issues it is willing to admit are
associated with DES exposure, dosage, and timing of exposure by humans--as part of a discussion of chemicals that
mimic estrogens and their possible human effects. http://c3.org/chlorine_issues/health/nov96.html#DES
DES: Bygone "Miracle Drug" Continues Destructive Ways, From CBS Healthwatch (2000) An article focusing on the carcinogenic aspects of DES exposure in women and in men. http://www.desaction.org/CBSHealthWatch-4-2000-article.htm
DES: Questions and Answers from the National Cancer Institute This fact sheet from the NCI focuses on some of the most common documented effects of DES exposure, primarily targeted toward women whose mothers were presribed DES, but also contains limited (inconclusive) information about concerns for sons. http://cis.nci.nih.gov/fact/3_4.htm
Discovery Health: DES Exposure in Utero A basic guide to the effects of DES, mainly in exposed females, by Dr. Eva Martin. http://health.discovery.com/diseasesandcond/encyclopedia/2003.html
A Drug Recall.com Guide to DES Basic information on DES and the roots of its being "recalled" from regular use during the 1970s. http://www.adrugrecall.com/des/des.html
Estrogen Timeline: 1920s-1930s Produced by the Hormone Foundation, this timeline offers clues into the earliest stages of creation of synthetic estrogens, including the first production of DES. http://www.hormone.org/publications/estrogen_timeline/et2.html
Go Ask Alice: Diethylstilbestrol (DES) This is a basic information sheet about DES and some of its documented effects in exposed males and females, provided by the Go Ask Alice health information service of Columbia University.
MEDLINE Plus Drug Information Guide: Estrogens--Systemic (includes DES) This drug information guide covers virtually all prescription estrogens, including DES. http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/202226.html
National Toxicology Program Chemical Repository: Diethylstilbestrol
Official chemical information guide to DES produced by the National Toxicology Program of the U.S. National Institutes
of Health. Includes names by which the drug was marketed, toxic and carcinogenic information, and list of symptoms
resulting from human exposure. http://ntp-server.niehs.nih.gov/htdocs/Chem_H&S/NTP_Chem5/Radian56-53-1.html
National Toxicology Program Chemical Repository: Diethylstilbestrol Diproprionate Additional NTP fact sheet on chemical structure, product identities, and human effects of DES.
Questions and Answers about DES: Cancer Facts From the National Cancer Institute's CancerNet website, this information focuses chiefly on the potential for cancer in DES daughters but also briefly discusses cancer potential for DES sons.
Study in Mice Indicates Pregnancy Drug DES Increases Cancer Risk in Grandchildren, April 2001
This story is published by the Kaiser Family Foundation's reproductive health report, publishing date April 17, 2001.
The slide show is called Effects of T and T metabolites on PRir in MPN http://www.albany.edu/psy/reu/wagner/wagner.pdf
A NEW CONCEPT FOR BRAIN AROMATASE IN SEXUAL DIFFERENTIATION http://www.tmin.ac.jp/sympo/98/shinoda.html
Hormonal Control of Sexual Differentiation
GONADAL STEROID HORMONE RECEPTORS IN THE HIPPOCAMPUS: IMPLICATIONS FOR DEVELOPMENT AND DIFFERENTIATION http://www.tmin.ac.jp/sympo/98/handa.html
Sexual Differentiation of the Vertebrate Brain: Principles and Mechanisms
Is there a gender difference of somatostatin-receptor density in the human brain?
Androgens and Male Behavior, by Louis J. G. Gooren, and Frank P. M. Kruijver, published in the journal Molecular
and Cellular Endocrinology, December 2002. Website abstract and link to full-text
Endocrine Society Patient Information Fact Sheet on Endocrinology and Environmental Estrogens (including DES):
National Toxicology Program (NIH) Chemical Information Guide to DES (see "symptoms" list near bottom of the page):
World Health Organization Global Assessment of the State-of-the-Science of Endocrine Disruptors (including DES) (2002) http://www.who.int/pcs/emerg_site/edc/global_edc_TOC.htm
Here is an article reproduced from the UK's Independent Newspaper that was published right when the WHO report was released: "Alarm at Gender Bending Chemicals" http://www.safe2use.com/ca-ipm/02-08-13m.htm
May 8 story from the Seattle Post-Intelligencer was reproduced on the Parker and Waichman (law firm) website, and
tells the story of the impact of DES in the life of one DES-exposed daughter.
The main website is called EM-COM, located at http://www.emcom.ca
Link site on Endocrine Disruption: Critical Windows of Sensitivity to Endocrine "Potential Role of Hormonally Active Environmental Contaminants in Human Reproductive Tract Developmental Abnormalities" Endocrine System Primer (guide to understanding the functioning of the human endocrine Discussion on the aspects of brain differences in males and females
Hypospadias in Sons of Women Exposed to Diethylstilbestrol in Utero, and here is
the article abstract: http://highwire.stanford.edu/cgi/medline/pmid;11943257?
Iatrogenic Legacy from Diethylstilbestrol Exposure, by S. Hernandez-Diaz of the Boston University School of Public Health. http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0140673602081266
Cognitive ability and cerebral lateralisation in transsexuals. PT Cohen-Kettenis, SH van Goozen, CD Doorn,
and LJ Gooren http://highwire.stanford.edu/cgi/medline/pmid;9802133?
This shows that the sex difference that we found is real and almost certainly due to a sex difference in the brain,"
CDC website on DES issues at http://www.cdc.gov/DES
Androgen Deprivation Treatment http://www.usrf.org/news/010308-androgen_deprivation.html
Alternate Link for previous post re: Genes and Brain Differentiation http://news.bmn.com/conferences/list/view?rp=2003-ENDO-3-S4
Editorial: Estrogens from PlasticAre We Being Exposed?
Royal Commission Report on Environmental Pollution, Effects of Endocrine Disruptors
U.S.-based DES "Research" and corporate connections
Environmental endocrine modulators and human health: an assessment of the biological evidence.
Environmental Endocrine Modulators and the DES Paradigm http://www.toxlogic.com/endocrine.html
Litigation and Expert Witness" for a glimpse at how Golden's "services" work: http://www.toxlogic.com/litigation.html
Psychosexual characteristics of men and women exposed prenatally to diethylstilbestrol.
Cancer Risk in Men Exposed In Utero to Diethylstilbestrol
Environmental endocrine modulators and human health: an assessment of the biological evidence.
Centre for Disease Control's DES/Psychology http://www.cdc.gov/DES/consumers/resources/bibli_psych.html
Medical Ghostwriters Story http://www.cbc.ca/consumers/market/files/health/ghostwriting/index.html
Environmental Influences on Male Reproduction, by R.F.A. Weber, F.H. Pierik*, G.R. Dohle and
A. Burdorf, http://www.bjui.org/89/2/article/bju2559.asp
Induction of Reproductive Tract Developmental Abnormalities in the Male Rat by Lowering Androgen Production or Action in Combination with a Low Dose of Diethylstilbestrol: Evidence for Importance of the Androgen-Estrogen Balance
Reproductive Malformation of the Male Offspring Following Maternal Exposure to Estrogenic Chemicals
Persistent DDT metabolite p,p'-DDE is a potent androgen receptor antagonist.
Money et al. (39, 40) confirmed that the majority of such intersex patients remained with their assigned gender,
although somewhat more 46,XY patients raised female changed from female to male than 46,XY patients raised male
changed from male to female.".
Gender identity and gender transposition: longitudinal outcome study of 24 male hermaphrodites assigned as boys.
androgen receptor (AR), which is encoded on the X chromosome. Abnormalities that alter the function of this receptor result
in a range of abnormalities of male phenotypic development. These phenotypes range from that of normal females (complete testicular feminization, complete androgen insensitivity) to those that are characterized by only minor degrees of undervirilization and/or infertility.
Self-perceived femininity and masculinity. Women with CAIS overwhelmingly reported a high degree of femininity along with a low degree of masculinity throughout development http://jcem.endojournals.org/cgi/content/full/85/8/2664
Effects on Gender Identity of Prenatal Androgens and Genital Appearance: Evidence from Girls with Congenital Adrenal Hyperplasia http://jcem.endojournals.org/cgi/content/abstract/88/3/1102
An article from European Society of Human Reproduction and Embryology conference in Madrid on Monday...
Here is the link to a news story just released by the American Medical Association's AMNews (American Medical News) on August 4. The story is entitled "Entering the shadow of DES: Health risks still loom", by Victoria Stagg Elliott. Included is an interview with Dr. Dana Beyer of our network: http://www.ama-assn.org/sci-pubs/amnews/pick_03/hlsa0804.htm
Here's a very good introduction to the study of Endocrine Disruptors, which includes a somewhat brief inclusion of DES. Maintained by Paul Goettlich: http://www.mindfully.org/Pesticide/EDs-PWG-16jun01.htm
Here's a link that supplies information concerning Sex Differentiation Disorders, where charistics show up in chromosomes &
karyotypes: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/cgi/mesh/2K/MB_cgi?term=XYY+Karyotype&field=entry#TreeC16.131.280.748.980
The article is entitled "Long-Term Psychiatric and Behavioral Consequences of Prenatal Exposure to Psychoactive Drugs", by H. Verdoux, published in the journal Therapie: http://highwire.stanford.edu/cgi/medline/pmid;12185968?
Currently, the National Institute of Mental Health is maintaining a major outreach campaign to address men and depression, and the website for the campaign is here: http://menanddepression.nimh.nih.gov/
Abstract from a 1993 study, "Psychopathology and Social Functioning in Men Prenatally Exposed to Diethylstilbestrol (DES)" http://www.psychosomaticmedicine.org/cgi/content/abstract/55/6/485
D. Lindsey Berkson, author of "Hormone Deception" and former doctoral fellow at John McLaughlan's Center for
Bioenvironmental Research, says DES was manufactured by 267 companies under various trade names. (see http://www.hormonedeception.com , published 2000 by Contemporary Books, page 65)
Margaret Lee Braun, author of "DES Stories: Faces and Voices of People Exposed to Diethylstilbestrol", says "it was manufactured by over 200 pharmaceutical companies under more than 300 names." (see http://www.desstories.com , published 2001 by Visual Studies Workshop Press, Rochester NY, p. viii)
Further, in the decision Martin v. Abbott Laboratories (1984), a major case dealing with a range of DES manufacturers and giving a substantive history of DES development and use, the text reads, in part, "Estimates are that up to 200 or 300 companies manufactured and marketed DES between 1947 and 1971." Http://www.mrsc.org/mc/courts/supreme/102wn2d/102wn2d0581.htm
"Testicular Cancer and Hormonally Active Agents", and here is the direct link: http://www.emcom.ca/health/Testicular%20Cancer.pdf
DES Brand Names in the U.S. http://www.cdc.gov/DES/hcp/brand/index.html
"Critical Windows of Exposure for Children's Health: The Reproductive System in Animals and in Humans", reference abstract, from the journal Environmental Health Perspectives, http://ehp.niehs.nih.gov/docs/2000/suppl-3/491-503pryor/abstract.html
Excerpt from full-text edition, available at this address: http://ehp.niehs.nih.gov/members/2000/suppl-3/491-503pryor/pryor-full.html
History of Diethylstilbestrol Use in Cattle, by A.P. Raun and R.L. Preston
Type "diethylstilbestrol" under the keywords entry. http://jas.fass.org/
Oceans Awash With Microscopic Plastic, Scientists Say:
read on and you will see how these have impact with gender alterationRelated Stories:
Cousteau Finds "Horrifying" Trash on Desert Islands
Ocean Litter Gives Alien Species an Easy Ride
Are Plastic Grocery Bags Sacking the Environment?
Animals' Sexual Changes Linked to Waste, Chemicals
You can download (PDF) the section entitled "Developmental and Reproductive
Toxicity" at: http://www.epa.gov/ncea/pdfs/dioxin/part2/drich5.pdf
If these chemicals are dangerous, why aren't they banned? In 2001,
President Bush joined 50 other countries in Stockholm and signed a treaty
banning, limiting the use of, and encouraging the clean-up of, Persistent
Organic Pollutants (POPs). The treaty mandates were required to become law
by May of 2004. However, President Bush has refused, under pressure from
the chemical industry, to ratify the actions called for in the treaty that
he signed in 2001.
Find out more about the treaty which would force reductions in dioxin
Induction of hypospadias in a murine model by maternal exposure to synthetic estrogens.
Arctic Pollution Causing Polar Bears to Change Sex http://www.commondreams.org/headlines02/1002-03.htm
Global Implications of U.S. Domestic and International Policies on Sexuality by Françoise Girard, produced
June 2004 for Columbia University's Center for Gender, Sexuality and Health of its School of Public Health.
A Discussion on the Relationship Between Gender Identity And Prenatal Exposure to Diethylstilbestrol (DES) in 46XY Individuals Lectures and Conferences http://www3.telus.net/des1/Lectures.html
The Role of Thyroid Hormones in Prenatal and Neonatal Neurological Development-Current Perspectives SUSAN P.
PORTERFIELD AND CHESTER E. HENDRICH http://edrv.endojournals.org/cgi/reprint/14/1/94.pdf
UK: Pollutants turning a third of male fish into females Independent - London,England,UK
Related links: UK: Pill in sewage blamed for sex-change fishBirth control jab for men28 January 2004: Pollution 'changes sex of whales'27 March 2002[Connected]: Third of male river fishchange sexNo going back for sex change fish Environment AgencyChemicals Ending Male Line In Animals: Alarming research has shown that an increasing number of male animals are developing female reproductive organs and tissue. http://uk.news.yahoo.com/040717/140/ey8j5.htmlS Karri, H Johnson, WJ Hendry 3rd, SC Williams, and SA Khan Neonatal exposure to diethylstilbestrol leads to
impaired action of androgens in adult male hamsters. http://highwire.stanford.edu/cgi/medline/pmid;15336712?
Gender and Sex Hormones Affect the Brain's Pain Response http://www.immunesupport.com/library/showarticle.cfm/ID/6053
X-Chromosome Inactivation Patterns and Androgen Receptor Functionality Influence Phenotype and
Social Characteristics as Well as Pharmacogenetics of Testosterone Therapy in Klinefelter Patients
Could sex hormones be responsible for some of the problems experienced by people with multiple sclerosis?
In early January, the details from last October's E.Hormone conference in New Orleans (where I gave a
presentation about DES sons research) were at last posted to the E.Hormone website. Here is the page with
details and summaries: http://e.hormone.tulane.edu/eh2004/summaries2004.html
PET/MRI scans may help unravel mechanisms of prenatal drug damage
Wozniak, AL, NN Bulayeva and CS Watson. 2005. Xenoestrogens at Picomolar to Nanomolar Concentrations Trigger Membrane Estrogen Receptor-alpha-Mediated Ca++ Fluxes and Prolactin Release in GH3/B6 Pituitary Tumor Cells.
The latest studies
Estrogenic chemicals in plastic and oral contraceptives disrupt development of the fetal mouse prostate and urethra
Diethylstilbestrol Revisited: Review of the Long-Term Health Effects http://www.annals.org/cgi/content/full/122/10/778
H. Verdoux on Psycho-active drugs including DES (2004) http://bjp.rcpsych.org/cgi/content/full/185/2/93
Effects of endocrine modulators on sexual differentiation and reproductive function in male Japanese quail. http://highwire.stanford.edu/cgi/medline/pmid;15811583
Male Reproductive Health and Environmental Xenoestrogens (1996) http://ehp.niehs.nih.gov/members/1996/Suppl-4/toppari.html
Gender Benders & Endocrine Disruptors around You http://www.herplace.com/hormone-info/gender-benders.htm
If you are interested in learning more about the cutting edge of research into endocrine disruptors, the E.Hormone site is especially
valuable. Center for Bioenvironmental Research (CBR): http://www.cbr.tulane.edu/
It was used in the U.S. cattle industry at least until the late 1970s, although there is some evidence of it still being used in the late 1990s (and perhaps beyond) in other countries. Here's a backgrounder from the U.S. Dept. of Agriculture on Use of DES in the U.S.:
Here is an article (pdf) on the history of DES use in cattle, from the American Society of Animal Science (2002):
History of Diethylstilbestrol Use in Cattle, by A.P. Raun and R.L. Preston http://www.asas.org/Bios/Raunhist.pdf
See also the article on Use of Hormones in Animal Production by Norwegian veterinary researcher Weirete Velle:
Ms. Daly documents compelling evidence of a causative link between exposure to these chemicals and a serious health impact; she points out that "…of 104 studies done by independent researchers, 94 found adverse side effects and 10 found no effects. Of the 11 studies conducted by [chemical manufacturer]-supported researchers, zero identified adverse effects…In 2003 2004, and 2005, the Bush administration tried to cut all EPA funding for independent scientists who do endocrine-disruptor research." http://magic-city-news.com/printer_5124.shtml
