1930s
Dodds, E.C., L. Goldberg, W. Lawson, and R. Robinson. (1938). Oestrogenic activity of certain synthetic compounds. Nature (Feb. 5) Vol. 141: 247.
Selye, H. (1939). On the toxicity of oestrogens with special reference to diethylstilbestrol. Canadian Medical Association Journal (July), 48.
Shorr, E., F. Robinson, and G. N. Papanicolaou. (1939). A clinical study of the synthetic estrogen stilbestol. Journal of the American Medical Association (Dec. 23) 113 (26): 2312.
Buxton, C.L., and E.T. Engle. (1939). Effects of the therapeutic use of diethylstilbestrol. Journal of the American Medical Association (Dec. 23) 113 (26): 2318.
1940s
Atkinson, D.W. (1940). A review of experimental and clinical trials of stilbestrol. Endocrinology (August) 27(2): 161.
Greene, R.R., M.W. Burrill, and A.C. Ivy. (1940). Experimental intersexuality: The effects of estrogens on the antenatal sexual development of the rat. American Journal of Anatomy 67: 305.
Greene, R.R. (1944). Embryology of sexual structure and hermaphroditism. Journal of Clinical Endocrinology 4: 335.
Fitzsimons, M.P. (1945). Gynaecomastia in stilboestrol workers. British Journal of Industrial Medicine 1: 235.
Huggins, C. (1946). Prostatic carcinoma treated by orchiectomy: 5 year results. Journal of the American Medical Association 131: 576.
1950s
Dieckmann, W.J., M.E. Davis, L.M. Rynkiewicz, and R.E. Pottinger. (1953). Does the administration of diethylstilbestrol during pregnancy have therapeutic value? American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology (November) 66: 1062.
Ferguson, J.H. (1953). Effects of stilbestrol on pregnancy compared to the effect of a placebo. American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology 65: 592.
Bongiovani, A.M., A.M. DiGeorge, and M.M. Grumbach. (1959). Masculinization of the female infant associated with estrogenic therapy alone during gestation: Four cases. Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism (August) 19: 1004.
Kaplan, N.M. (1959) Male pseudohermaphrodism: Report of a case, with observations on pathogenesis. New England Journal of Medicine 261: 641.
1960s
Cleveland, W.M., and G.C.H. Chang (1965). Male pseudohermaphroditism with female chromosomal constitution. Pediatrics (December) 36 (6): 892.
1970s
FDA Drug Bulletin (1971, November). Diethystilbestrol Contraindicated in Pregnancy.
Heinonen, O.P. (1973). Diethylstilbestrol in pregnancy: Frequency of exposure and usage patterns. Cancer (March) 31: 573.
Yalom, I.D., R. Green, and N. Fisk. (1973). Prenatal exposure to female hormones: Effect on psychosexual development in boys. Archives of General Psychiatry (April) 28: 554.
Lanier, A.P., K.L. Noller, D.G. Decker, L.R. Elveback, and L.T. Kurland. (1973). Cancer and stilbestrol: A follow-up of 1,719 persons exposed to estrogens in utero and born 1943-1959. Mayo Clinic Proceedings (November) 48: 793.
Kinlen, L.J., M.A. Badracco, J. Moffett, and M.P. Vessey. (1974). A survey of the use of oestrogens during pregnancy in the United Kingdom and of the genito-urinary cancer mortality and incidence rates in young people in England and Wales. The Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology of the British Commonwealth (November) 81: 849.
Hook, E.B. O.P, Heinonen, S. Shapiro, and D. Slone. (1974). Maternal exposure to oral contraceptives and other female sex hormones: Relation to birth defects in a prospectively ascertained cohort of 50,282 pregnancies. Teratology 9: A-21.
Noller, K.L., and C.R. Fish. (1974). Diethylstilbestrol usage: Its interesting past, important present, and questionable future. Medical Clinics of North America (July) 58 (4): 793.
Bibbo, M., A. Maysoon, I. Baccarini, W. Gill, M. Newton, KM. Sleeper, M. Sonek, and G.L. Wied. (1975). Follow-up study of male and female offspring of DES-treated mothers. The Journal of Reproductive Medicine (July) 15 (1): 29.
Gill, W.B. , G.F.B. Schumacher, and M. Bibbo. (1976). Structural and functional abnormalities in the sex organs of male offspring of mothers treated with diethylstilbestrol. Journal of Reproductive Medicine 16 (4): 147.
Hoefnagel, D. (1976). Prenatal diethylstilbestrol exposure and male hypogonadism. Lancet (January 17).
Ober, W.B. (1976). Stilbestrol: A pathologist’s view. Pathology Annual 11: 227.
Henderson, B.E., B. Benton, M. Cosgrove, J. Baptista, J. Aldrich, D. Townsend, W. Hart, and T. M. Mack. (1976). Urogenital tract abnormalities in sons of women treated with diethylstilbestrol. Pediatrics (October) 58 (4): 505.
Bibbo, M., W.B. Gill, F. Azizi, R. Blough, V.S. Fang, R.L. Rosenfield, G.F.B. Schumacher, K. Sleeper, M.G. Sonek, and G.L. Wied. (1977). Follow-up study of male and female offspring of DES-exposed mothers. Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology (January) 49 (1): 1.
Cosgrove, MD., B. Benton, and B.E. Henderson. (1977). Male genitourinary abnormalities and maternal diethylstilbestrol. Journal of Urology (February) 117: 220.
Gill, W.B., Schumacher, G.F.B., and M. Bibbo. (1977). Pathological semen and anatomical abnormalities of the genital tract in human male subjects exposed to diethylstilbestrol in utero. Journal of Urology (April) 117: 477.
Schwartz, R.W., and N.B. Stewart. (1977). Psychological effects of diethylstilbestrol exposure. Journal of the American Medical Association 237: 252.
Herbst, A.L., R.E. Scully, S.J. Robboy, and W.R. Welch. (1978). Complications of prenatal therapy with diethylstilbestrol. Pediatrics (December) 62 (6): 1151.
Ehrhardt, A.A., and H.F. Meyer-Bahlburg. (1978). Psychosexual development: an examination of the role of prenatal hormones. Ciba Foundation Symposium (March 14) 62: 41.
Green, R. (1978). Sex-dimorphic behaviour development in the human: Prenatal hormone administration and postnatal socialization. Ciba Foundation Symposium (March 14) 62: 59.
Mills, J.L., and A.M. Bongiovanni. (1978). Effect of prenatal estrogen exposure on male genitalia. Pediatrics (December) 62 (6): 1160.
Meyer-Bahlburg, H.F.L. (1978). Behavioral effects of estrogen treatment in human males. Pediatrics (December) 62 (6): 1171.
Gill, W.B., G.F.B. Schumacher, M. Bibbo, F.H. Straus, and H.W. Schoenberg. (1979). Association of diethylstilbestrol exposure in utero with cryptorchidism, testicular hypoplasia, and semen abnormalities. Journal of Urology, 122: 36.
Andonian, R.W., and R. Kessler. (1979). Transplacental exposure to diethylstilbestrol in men. Urology 13: 276.
Shapiro, S., and D. Slone. (1979). The effects of exogenous female hormones on the fetus. Epidemiologic Reviews 1: 110.
1980s
Burke, L., RJ Apfel, S. Fisher, and J. Shaw. (1980). Observations on the psychological impact of diethylstilbestrol exposure and suggestions of management. Journal of Reproductive Medicine 24: 99.
Kester, P., R. Green, S. Finch, & K. Williams, (1980). Prenatal ‘female hormone’ administration and psychosexual development in human males. Psychoneuroendocrinology, 5, 269-285.
Ulfelder, H. (1980). The stilbestrol disorders in historical perspective. Cancer (June 15) 45 (12): 3008.
Ehrhardt, A., and H.F.L. Meyer-Bahlburg. (1981). Effects of prenatal sex hormones on gender-related behavior. Science (March 20) 211: 1312.
Beral, V., and L. Colwell. (1981). Randomized trial of high doses of stilboestrol and ethisterone therapy in pregnancy: Long-term follow-up of the children. Journal of Epidemiology and Community Health 35: 155.
Whitehead, E.D., and E. Leiter. (1981). Genital abnormalities and abnormal semen analyses in male patients exposed to diethylstilbestrol in utero. Journal of Urology 125: 47.
Stenchever, M.A., R.A. Williamson, J. Leonard, L.E. Karp, B. Ley, K. Shy, and D. Smith. (1981). Possible relationship between in utero diethylstilbestrol exposure and male fertility. American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology 140 (2): 186.
Stillman, R.J. (1982). In utero exposure to diethylstilbestrol: Adverse effects on the reproductive tract and reproductive performance in male and female offspring. American Journal of Obstetrics & Gynecology (April 1) 142 (7): 905.
Hines, M. (1982). Prenatal gonadal hormones and sex differences in human behaviour. Psychological Bulletin, 92, 56-80.
Koss, R.K., P. Garbeff, A. Paganini-Hill, and B.E. Henderson. (1983). Effect of in-utero exposure to diethylstilbestrol on age at onset of puberty and on postpubertal hormone levels in boys. Canadian Medical Association Journal (May 15) 128: 1197.
Vessey, M.P., D.V. Fairweather, B. Norman-Smith, and J. Buckley. (1983). A randomized double-blind controlled trial of the value of stilboestrol therapy in pregnancy: long-term follow-up of mothers and their offspring. British Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology (November) 90(11): 1007.
Hines, M., and C. Shipley. (1984). Prenatal exposure to diethylstilbestrol (DES) and the development of sexually dimorphic cognitive abilities and cerebral lateralization. Developmental Psychology 20:81.
Shy, K.K., M.A. Stenchever, L.E. Karp, R.E. Berger, R.A. Williamson, and J. Leonard. Genital tract examinations and zona-free hamster egg penetration tests from men exposed in utero to diethylstilbestrol. Fertility and Sterility (November) 42 (5): 772.
Leary, F.J., L.J. Resseguie, L.T. Kurland, P.C. O’Brien, R.F. Emslander, and K.L. Noller. (1984). Males exposed in utero to diethylstilbestrol. Journal of the American Medical Association (December 7) 252 (21): 2984.
Ehrhardt, A.A., H.F.L. Meyer-Bahlburg, L.R. Rosen, J.F. Feldman, N.P. Veridiano, I. Zimmerman, and B.S. McEwen. (1985). Sexual orientation after prenatal exposure to exogenous estrogen. Archives of Sexual Behavior, 14: 57.
Meyer-Bahlburg, H.F.L., A. Ehrhardt, J. Endicott, N.P. Veridiano, E.D. Whitehead, and F.H. Vann. (1985). Depression in adults with a history of prenatal DES exposure. Psychopharmacology Bulletin 21 (3): 686.
Kwan, M., J. Vanmaasdam, and J.M. Davidson. (1985). Effects of estrogen treatment on male-to-female transsexuals: Experimental and clinical observations. Archives of Sexual Behavior (February) 14 (1): 29.
Niculescu, A.M. (1985). Effeccts of in utero exposure to DES on male progeny. Journal of Obstetric,Gynecological and Neonatal Nursing 14 (6): 468.
Meyer-Bahlburg, H.F.L., and A. Ehrhardt. (1986). Prenatal diethylstilbestrol exposure: Behavioral consequences in humans. Monograms in Neural Science 12: 90.
Meyer-Bahlburg, H.F.L., and A. Ehrhardt. (1987). A prenatal-hormone hypothesis for depression in adults with a history of fetal DES exposure. In U. Halbriech (Ed.), Hormones and Depression (N.Y.: Raven Press), 325.
Katz, D.L., F.R. Frankenburg, L.I. Benowitz, and J.M. Gilbert. (1987). Psychosis and prenatal exposure to diethylstilbestrol. Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease (May) 175 (3): 306.
McEwen, B.S. (1987). Steroid hormones and brain development: some guidelines for understanding actions of pseudohormones and other toxic agents. Environmental Health Perspectives (October) 74: 177.
Gill, W.B. (1988). Effects on human males of in-utero exposure to exogenous sex hormones. In T. Mori and H. Nagasawa (eds.), Toxicity of Hormones in Perinatal Life (Boca Raton: CRC Press), 161.
Saunders, E.J. (1988). Physical and psychological problems associated with exposure to diethylstilbestrol (DES). Hospital and Community Psychiatry (January) 39 (1): 73.
Gershman, S.T., and P.D. Stolley. A case-control study of testicular cancer using Connecticut tumor registry data. (1988). International Journal of Epidemiology 17: 738.
Wortsman, J., A. Hamidinia, and S.J. Winters. (1989). Hypogonadism following long-term treatment with diethylstilbestrol. American Journal of the Medical Sciences (June) 297 (6): 365.
Williams, F. (1989). Diethylstilbestrol exposure and testicular cancer. International Journal of Epidemiology 18 (2): 462.
Finegan, J.A., B. Bartleman, and P.Y. Wong. (1989). A window for the study of prenatal sex hormone influences on postnatal development. Journal of Genetic Psychology 150: 101.
1990s
Reinisch, J. M., Ziemba-Davis, M., and S.A. Sanders (1991). Hormonal contributions to sexually dimorphic behavioral development in humans. Psychoneuroendocrinology, 16, 213-278.
Brahams, B. (1991). Diethylstilbestrol: Third generation injury claims. Lancet 337: 785.
Marselos, M., and I. Tomatis. (1992). Diethylstilbestrol: I, Pharmacology, toxicology, and carcinogenesis in humans. European Journal of Cancer 28A: 1182.
Reinisch, J., and S.A. Sanders. (1992). Effects of prenatal exposure to diethylstilbestrol (DES) on hemispheric laterality and spatial ability in human males. Hormones and Behavior 26 (1): 62.
Colborn, T., F.S. vonSaal, and A.M. Soto. (1993). Developmental effects of endocrine-disrupting chemicals in wildlife and humans. Environmental Health Perspectives 101: 378.
Pillard, R.C., L.R. Rosen, H.F.L. Meyer-Bahlburg, J.D. Weinrich, J.F. Feldman, R. Gruen, and A. Ehrhardt. (1993). Psychopathology and social functioning in men prenatally exposed to diethylstilbestrol (DES). Psychosomatic Medicine 55: 485.
Sharpe, R.M., and , N.E. Skakkebaek. (1993). Are oestrogens involved in falling sperm counts and disorders of the male reproductive tract? Lancet (May 29) 341: 1392.
Berendes, H.W., and Y.J. Lee. (1993). Suspended judgment: The 1953 clinical trial of diethylstilbestrol during pregnancy: Could it have stopped DES use? Controlled Clinical Trials 14: 179.
Collaer, M.L., and M. Hines. (1995). Human behavioral sex differences: A role for gonadal hormones during early development? Psychological Bulletin (July) 118 (1): 55.
Meyer-Bahlburg, H. F. L., Erhardt, A. A., Rosen, L., Gruen, R., Veridiano, V. F. H., & Neuwalder, H. F. (1995). Prenatal estrogens and the development of homosexual orientation. Developmental Psychology, 31, 12-21.
Jones, L.A., and R.A. Hajek. (1995). Effects of estrogenic chemicals on development. Environmental Health Perspectives (October) 103 (Suppl. 7): 63.
Wilcox, A.J., D.D. Baird, C.R. Weinberg, P.P. Hornsby, and A.L. Herbst. (1995). Fertility in men exposed prenatally to diethylstilbestrol. New England Journal of Medicine (May 25) 332 (21): 1411.
Giusti, R.M., K. Iwamoto, and E.E. Hatch. (1995). Diethylstilbestrol revisited: A review of the long-term health effects. Annals of Internal Medicine (May 15) 122 (10): 778.
Dictionary of Organic Compounds, 6th Edition (1996). Buckingham, J., and F. Macdonald. (eds.): Diethylstilbestrol entry (Volume 3, 2175).
Baird, D.D., Wilcox, A.J., and Herbst, A.L. (1996). Self-reported allergy, infection, and autoimmune diseases among men and women exposed in utero to diethylstilbestrol. Journal of Clinical Epidemiology 49 (2); 263.
Laitman, C., M. Jonler, and E.M. Messing. (1997). The effects on men of prenatal exposure to diethylstilbestrol. In L.I. Lipschultz & S.S. Howards (eds.), Infertility in the male—3rd edition (St. Louis: Mosby), 268.
Kitahara, S., K. Yoshida, K. Ishizaki, Y. Kageyama, S. Kawakami, T.Tsujii, and H. Oshima. Stronger suppression of serum testosterone and FSH levels by a synthetic estrogen than by castration or an LH-RH agonist. Endocrine Journal (August) 44 (4): 527.
Toppari, J., and N.E. Skakkebaek. (1998). Sexual differentiation and environmental endocrine disrupters. Bailliere’s Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism (April) 12 (1): 143.
Barlow, S., R.J. Kavlok, J.A. Moore, S.L. Schantz, D.M. Sheehan, D.L. Shuey, and J.M. Lary. (1999). Teratology Society Public Affairs Committee Position Paper: Developmental toxicity of endocrine disruptors to humans. Teratology 60: 365.
2000s
Gupta, C. (2000). Reproductive malformation of the male offspring following maternal exposure to estrogenic chemicals. Experimental Biology and Medicine 224: 61.
Swan, S.H. (2000). Intrauterine exposure to diethylstilbestrol: long-term effects in humans. APMIS (December) 108 (12): 793.
Verdoux, H. (2000). Does prenatal exposure to diethylstilbestrol (DES) have psychiatric consequences? Annales Medico-Psychologiques 158 (2): 105.
Solomon, G.M., and T. Schettler. (2000). Environment and health: 6. Endocrine disruption and potential human health implications. Canadian Medical Association Journal (November 28) 163: 11.
Nef, S., T Shipman, and LF Parada. (2000). A molecular basis for estrogen-induced cryptorchidism. Developmental Biology (August 15) 224 (2): 354.
Weir, H.K., L.D. Marrett, N. Kreiger, G.A. Darlington and L. Sugar. (2000). Pre-natal and peri-natal exposures and risk of testicular germ cell cancers. International Journal of Cancer 87:438.
McLachlan, J.A., R.R. Newbold, M.E. Burow, and S. Li. (2001). From malformations to molecular mechanisms in the male: three decades of research on endocrine disrupters. APMIS 109 (4): 263.
Strohsnitter, W.C., K.L. Noller, R.N.Hoover, S.J. Robboy, J.R. Palmer, L. Titus-Ernstoff, R.H. Kaufman, E. Adam, A.L. Herbst, and E.E. Hatch. (2001). Cancer risk in men exposed in utero to diethylstilbestrol. Journal of the National Cancer Institute (April 4), 93 (7): 545.
McLachlan, J. (2001). Environmental signaling: What embryos and evolution teach us about endocrine disrupting chemicals. Endocrine Reviews 22 (3): 319.
Sharpe, R. M. (2001). Hormones and testis development and the possible adverse effects of environmental chemicals. Toxicology Letters 120: 221.
Skakkebaek, N., Meyts, E. R., & Main, K. M. (2001). Testicular dysgenesis syndrome: An increasingly common developmental disorder with environmental aspects. Human Reproduction, 5, 972-978.
Harrison, P. (2001). Endocrine disruptors and human health: Current research will establish baseline indices. British Medical Journal (December 8) 323: 1317.
Michel, A., Mormont, C., and J.J. Legros. (2001). A psycho-endocrinological overview of transsexualism. European Journal of Endocrinology 145: 365.
Verdoux, H. (2002). Long-term psychiatric and behavioural consequences of prenatal exposure to psychoactive drugs. Therapie (March) 57(2): 181.
Damgaard, I.N., K.M. Main, J. Toppari, and N.E. Skakkebaek. (2002). Impact of exposure to endocrine disrupters in utero and in childhood on adult reproduction. Best Practice & Research Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism 16 (2): 289.
Klip, H., Verloop, J., M.E.T.A. Koster, C.W. Burger, and F.E. van Leeuwen. (2002). Hypospadias in sons of women exposed to diethylstilbestrol in utero: A cohort study. Lancet (March 30) 359: 1102.
Markey, C.M., B.S. Rubin, A.M. Soto, and C. Sonnenschlein. (2002). Endocrine disruptors: From Wingspread to environmental developmental biology. Journal of Steroid Biochemistry and Molecular Biology (December) 83 (1-5): 235.
Brucker-Davis, F., G. Pointis, D. Chevallier, and P. Fenichel. (2003). Update on cryptorchidism: endocrine, environmental and therapeutic aspects. Journal of Endocrinology Intest. 26 (6): 575.
Titus-Ernstoff, L., K. Perez, E.E. Hatch, R. Troisi, J.R. Palmer, P. Hartge, M. Hyer, R. Kaufman, A. Ervin, W. Strohsnitter, K. Noller, K.E. Pickett, and R. Hoover. (2003). Psychosexual characteristics of men and women exposed prenatally to diethylstilbestrol. Epidemiology (March) 14 (2): 155.
Udry, R. (2003). Putting prenatal effects of sex-dimorphic behavior in perspective: An absolutely complete theory. Epidemiology (March) 14 (2): 135.
Kerlin, S., and D. Beyer. (2003). The DES Sons’ Online Discussion Network. Transgender Tapestry, #100.
Vandenbergh, J.G. (2003). Prenatal hormone exposure and sexual variation. American Scientist (May-June) 91: 218.
Landrigan, P., A. Garg, and D.B.J. Droller. (2003). Assessing the effects of endocrine disruptors in the National Children’s Study. Environmental Health Perspectives (October) 111 (13): 1678.
